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关于“零添加”、草莓农残……2022年食品安全与健康流言榜发布******

　　中新网1月8日电 “中国食品科学技术学会”微信公众号6日消息，近日，中国食品科学技术学会与中国科协科学辟谣平台共同发布了“2022年食品安全与健康流言榜”。

　　流言1：保质期长的牛奶是因为加了防腐剂？

　　科学真相：保质期长短取决于牛奶的灭菌方式和包装工艺等，一般采用超高温瞬时灭菌方式的牛奶保质期可达至少6个月，与防腐剂无关。

　　流言2：乳糖不耐受的人不能喝牛奶？

　　科学真相：乳糖不耐受是人体乳糖酶缺乏或分泌不足引起的，乳糖不耐受人群可选择饮用酸奶、添加乳糖酶的无乳糖或低乳糖牛奶，也可尝试少量多次饮用牛奶(<50ml/次)的方式，逐渐增强肠道对乳糖的耐受性。

　　流言3：果汁可以完全替代水果？

　　科学真相：水果通过榨汁后食用的方式已被大众广泛接受，但无论是工业生产还是家庭榨汁，营养物质或多或少都有损失。因此，果汁并不能完全替代水果。

　　流言4：空气炸锅烹调食物不健康，还可能产生致癌物？

　　科学真相：空气炸锅的加热原理类似于烤箱，只是比烤箱内空气流动更快，食物熟化时间更短而已。因此利用空气炸锅，并不会比其他加工方式产生更多的有害物质。

　　流言5：草莓能检出多种农药残留，是最“脏”的水果？

　　科学真相：检出农药残留并非不安全。我国对各种农药最大残留量均制定了限量标准，只要在标准允许范围内都是安全的。

　　流言6：苏打水能调整身体酸碱平衡？

　　科学真相：健康人体的内环境，能自动保持在合适的pH值范围，为体内的生理活动提供稳定的环境。靠饮食调节人体酸碱平衡的说法是不科学的。

　　流言7：乳饮料和纯牛奶一样营养？

　　科学真相：乳饮料和纯牛奶的生产工艺、原辅料等均不同，营养也有所差异。纯牛奶的蛋白质含量高于乳饮料，我国国家标准规定，纯牛奶中的蛋白质含量应≥2.9g/100g，而乳饮料中的蛋白质含量仅需≥1.0g/100g。

　　流言8：“零添加”食品更安全？

　　科学真相：“零添加”与食品的安全性没有必然联系。而有些食品正是因为工艺必要性添加了食品添加剂，其质量和安全性才更有保障。

　　流言9：豆浆喝多了会诱发乳腺癌？

　　科学真相：大豆异黄酮具有双向调节作用，不会单纯导致体内雌激素水平升高。相反，已有科学研究证据表明，大豆及其制品具有健康益处。(中新财经)

中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******

　　中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。

　　资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄

　　由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。

　　麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。

　　一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。

　　此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。

　　作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。

　　美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。

　　这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。

　　从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。

　　两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。

　　House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy

　　(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".

　　The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.

　　Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.

　　On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.

　　On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.

　　Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.

　　As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.

　　But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.

　　CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.

　　This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.

　　Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.

　　From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.

　　Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.

　　The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.

　　（文图：赵筱尘 巫邓炎）